UNPACKING THE TALIBAN: A HYBRID OF DELINQUENT SANCTIMONY

Authors

  • Ahmad Shayeq Qassem Asan Consultancy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1701025q

Keywords:

Taliban, Islamic movement, sharia, organised crime, terrorism

Abstract

Since its inception in 1994 as an organised group or network with a claim on rulership of the country, the Taliban has been generally described as an „Islamic movement” committed to the implementation of sharia in Afghanistan. Such description may accord well with the group’s professed objective but reveals itself reductive at best and misleading otherwise on closer scrutiny. This article argues that the „Taliban” represents a hybrid phenomenon that deploys religious and political narratives just as it deploys organised crime in pursuit of maximum power and profit.

References

Afghan Samsur, Duyoma Saqawi, Afghanistan Cultural Development Society, 2001, available at: https://ketabton.com/bookfile/12889 (accessed October 3, 2022).

Alatas Syed Farid, From Jami’ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian-Muslim Dialogue, Current Sociology, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2006.

Anwar-ul-Haq Ahady, The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, Asian Survey, Vol. 35, No. 7, 1995.

Asim Muhammad and Syed Raheem Abbas Shah, A Socio-Political Conflict between Religious Conservatism and Liberalism in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Aligarh and Deoband School of Thought, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2014.

Azami Dawood, “Afghanistan: How do the Taliban make money?”, BBC News, August 28, 2021. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-46554097 (accessed August 16, 2022).

Bergen Peter, “Biden’s Afghanistan Exit Decision Looks Even Worse a Year Later”, CNN Opinion, August 12, 2022. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/09/opinions/afghanistan-exit-a-year-later-bergen/index.html (accessed September 12, 2022).

Bezhan Frud, “Exclusive: Taliban’s Expanding ‘Financial Power’ Could Make It ‘Impervious’ to Pressure Confidential Report Warns”, September 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/exclusive-taliban-s-expanding-financial-power-could-make-it-impervious-to-pressure-secret-nato-report-warns/30842570.html (accessed October 16, 2020).

DuPée Matthew C., “The Narcotics Emirate of Afghanistan: Examining Armed Polities and Their Roles in Illicit Drug Production and Conflict in Afghanistan 1980-2010”, The NPS Institutional Archive, Calhoun, 2010, p. 57. Available at: https://www.nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/DuPeeNarcoticsEmirateThesis.pdf/0f5fde7e-41bc-47c7-ae66-86cdef1019f9 (accessed October 9, 2022).

Dupree Lous, Afghanistan, Princeton University Press, 1983.

Gul Ayaz, “Chinese Foreign Minister, Russian Envoy Visit Taliban-ruled Afghanistan”, VOA, March 24, 2022. Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-foreign-minister-russian-envoy-visit-taliban-ruled-afghanistan-/6499403.html (accessed October 11, 2022).

Haniff Hassan Muhammad, A Rebuttal of Al-Qaeda and IS’ Theological Justification of Suicide Bombing, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, Vol. 9, No. 7, 2017.

Haniff Hassan Muhammad, A Rebuttal of Al-Qaeda and IS’ Theological Justification of Suicide Bombing, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, Vol. 9, No. 7, 2017.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=WocEtJy93ug (accessed October 9, 2022).

Imteyaz Mohammad, “Indo-Muslim Religious Thought in 19th Century: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Critics”, Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, India, 2008. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511512.pdf (accessed September 25, 2022).

Kermani Secunder, “Meth and Heroin Fuel Afghanistan Drugs Boom”, BBC News, December 12, 2021.

Khalilzad Zalmay, “Afghanistan: Time to Reengage”, Washington Post, October 7, 1996.

Kumar Ruchi, “Why America Just Set Free the ‘Pablo Escobar of Afghanistan’”, The Daily Beast, October 8, 2022. Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-america-released-bashir-noorzai-the-pablo-escobar-of-afghanistan (accessed October 11, 2022).

Lamothe Dan, “Probably the largest’ al-Qaeda training camp ever destroyed in Afghanistan”, Washington Post, October 30, 2015. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/10/30/probably-the-largest-al-qaeda-training-camp-ever-destroyed-in-afghanistan/ (accessed August 16, 2022).

MacFarquhar Emily, The rise of Taliban, U.S. News & World Report, Vol. 118, No. 9, 1995.

Mahendrarajah Shivan, “Pashtun Ethno-Nationalism and the Collapse of Afghanistan”, Middle East Reports: Uncensored. Unafraid. Un-PC, October 1, 2021. Available at: https://mereports.substack.com/p/pashtun-ethno-nationalism-and-the-collapse-of-afghanistan (accessed September 12, 2022).

Makarenko Tamara, The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism, Global Crime, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2004.

Mir Hamid, “Audio of Mullah Mohammad Omar”, AP Archive, Islamabad, June 25, 2006. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVRmNm-vyRk&t=20s (accessed August 7, 2022).

Mufti Abdullah Reshad Afghani, “De Afghanistan Ma’aser Jihad De Shariat La Nazara” [Afghanistan’s Contemporary Jihad from Perspective of Sharia], Voice of Jihad, December 18, 2018.

Peters Gretchen, “How Opium Profits the Taliban”, United States Institute of Peace, 2006, p. 14. Available at: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/taliban_opium_1.pdf (accessed October 12, 2022).

Qassem Shayeq, Afghanistan–Pakistan Relations: Border Controversies as Counter-Terrorist Impediments, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2007.

Roston Aram, “How the US Army Protects Its Trucks – By Paying the Taliban”, The Guardian, November 13, 2009. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/13/us-trucks-security-taliban (accessed October 16, 2022).

Roy Olivier, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Sanger David E. et al, “A Secret Accord With the Taliban: When and How the U.S. Would Leave Afghanistan”, New York Times, March 8, 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-annexes-peace-agreement.html (accessed September 12, 2022).

Shayeq Qassem Ahmad, Afghanistan: Imperatives of Stability Misperceived, Iranian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2009.

Sheikh Rahimullah Haqqani, “Allah Pa A’rsh Kay Di Ka Na: Mudallal Bayan” [Is Allah on A’rsh Or Not: Reasoned Speech], Ahl Sunna Wal-Jama’at-ul-A’lemi, October 12, 2020. Availabe at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VicBwK6ltKc&fbclid=IwAR3UAGwBHuskOCjIMTtAaMe-kIXVlMtuvxZgBAsnJVwda674jEzwSlE5IjY (accessed September 12, 2022).

Stone Rupert, “Afghanistan’s Drug Trade Is Booming Under Taliban Rule’, Atlantic Council, August 24, 2022. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/afghanistans-drug-trade-is-booming-under-taliban-rule/#:~:text=True%2C%20the%20Taliban%20movement%20managed,attempts%20to%20stop%20opium%20cultivation (accessed October 11, 2022).

Trevithick Joseph, “The U.S. Military Says It Has Supported the Taliban in Fighting ISIS In Afghanistan”, The War Zone, March 10, 2020. Available at: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32534/the-u-s-military-says-it-has-supported-the-taliban-in-fighting-isis-in-afghanistan (accessed September 12, 2022).

“A Tale of the Mullah and Muhammad’s Amazing Cloak”, New York Times, December 19, 2001. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/19/international/asia/a-tale-of-the-mullah-and-muhammads-amazing-cloak.html (accessed August 6, 2022).

“Afghanistan: Taliban Execute, ‘Disappear’ Alleged Militants”, Human Rights Watch, June 27, 2022. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/07/afghanistan-taliban-execute-disappear-alleged-militants (accessed September 12, 2022). Also see: Abubakar Siddique, “Taliban Wages Deadly Crackdown on Afghan Salafists as War With IS-K Intensifies”, RFE/RL’s Radio Azadi, October 22, 2021. Available at: https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/taliban-crackdown-salafis-islamic-state-khorasan/31524687.html (accessed September 12, 2022).

“Decree of the Supreme Leader of IEA on Prohibition of Poppy Cultivation and All Kinds of Narcotics”, Tolo News, April 3, 2022. Available at: https://twitter.com/TOLOnews/status/1510527326962036737/photo/1 (accessed October 11, 2022).

“Exclusive interview with IEA Spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid”, Ariana News TV, October 11, 2021. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1Z7bAEZs0w (accessed October 3, 2022).

“Foreign Ministry’s Press Conference on the Freedom of the Last Remaining Prisoner from the Guantánamo Bay Prison”, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), September 19, 2022. Available at:

“Khalifa Sirajuddin Haqqani: Emergence of Islam is the Result of the Blood of Martyrs”, Ministry of Interior Affairs, October 20, 2021. Available at: https://twitter.com/moiafghanistan/status/1450798442436075523 (accessed August 15, 2022).

“Letter of the Head of Islamic Emirate’s Leadership Council to Esteemed Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi”, Voice of Jihad, June 16, 2015. Available at: http://alemara1.org/?p=17042 (accessed June 16, 2015).

“Letter of the Head of Islamic Emirate’s Leadership Council to Esteemed Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi”, Voice of Jihad, June 16, 2015.

“Prime Minister Mullah Mohammad Hasan Akhund Met with Pakistani Clerical Delegation”, ARG, July 27, 2022. Available at: https://twitter.com/arg_1880/status/1552350447293370368?s=46&t=RVS9q6SW80ZlBrhLr8WOOQ (accessed October 2, 2022).

“Profile: Mullah Mohammed Omar”, BBC News, July 29, 2015. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13501233 (accessed August 7, 2022).

“Remarks of Abdul Salam Hanafi to Workers”, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) Dari, September 20, 2022. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCUxCZ4XOwM (accessed October 1, 2022).

“Taliban Admit Covering up Death of Mullah Omar”, BBC News, August 31, 2015. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34105565 (accessed August 7, 2022).

“Taliban Prime Minister Says, He Saw Prophet Mohammad in Dream”, Sky Media, December 28, 2021. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ntHbHIWzSw (accessed August 15, 2022).

“Taliban Supreme Leader Addresses Major Gathering in Kabul”, Aljazeera, July 1, 2022. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/1/taliban-supreme-leader-addresses-gathering (accessed August 7, 2022).

“Taliban Supremo Hails ‘Security’ In Rare Appearance to Mark Eid”, Dawn, May 2, 2022. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1687828 (accessed August 7, 2022).

“Taliban urge Islamic State to stop ‘interference’ in Afghanistan”, Reuters, June 14, 2015. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-islamicstate-idUSKBN0OW19220150616 (accessed August 18, 2022).

“Top Taliban Associate and Former Mujahideen Warlord Sentenced to Life in Prison on Heroin Trafficking Charges”, United States Attorney Southern District of New York, April 30, 2009. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/April09/noorzaibashirsentencingpr.pdf (accessed October 9, 2022).

“Top Taliban Associate and Former Mujahideen Warlord Sentenced to Life in Prison on Heroin Trafficking Charges”, United States Attorney Southern District of New York, April 30, 2009. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nys/pressreleases/April09/noorzaibashirsentencingpr.pdf (accessed October 9, 2022).

“UN Security Council, Letter S/2020/415”, May 27, 2020, pp. 14-16. Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2020_415_e.pdf (accessed October 16, 2020).

“World Teachers Day: Hanafi Says Big Madrasas Will be Established in All Provinces”, Pajhwok Afghan News, October 5, 2022. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twZ3F0nd8qg (accessed October 7, 2022).

„Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognized by the United States as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America”, US State Department, February 29, 2021. Available at: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf (accessed August 6, 2022).

Downloads

Published

2023-05-02

How to Cite

Qassem, A. S. (2023). UNPACKING THE TALIBAN: A HYBRID OF DELINQUENT SANCTIMONY. Politics and Religion Journal, 17(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1701025q