TOLERANCE HERITAGE: THE ROUTE OF SUFISM FROM KHORASAN TO THE BALKANS

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1401085n

Keywords:

Sufism, Khorasan, tolerance legacy, Balkans, Sufi road

Abstract

The necessity for peaceful coexistence today makes clearer the requirement for study on tolerance. The vast region from Central Asia-Khorasan to the Balkans has had its ups and downs for centuries in the study of its historical geography. The diversity of nations and tribes along this path highlights the attention to common cultural components. Meanwhile, the existence of various Sufi groups throughout the history in the region has a special character. The idea of Sufism was essentially based on tolerance and grew into a Peaceful coexistence. However, various Sufi groups have experienced violence at historic junctures by entering the political arena.  But it must be said that the distinction between cultural and ideological Sufism has shown peaceful life. This article endeavor to introduce the Sufism growth and development in different regions so that a significant and plausible path can be drawn as a Sufi Road. In addition, the legacy of Sufism has been activated by its cultural image in the areas in question, showing many similarities between different Sufi groups in various countries. The homogeny among the cultural components of Sufism in the geography of the region are a way for dialogue. As a result, one can experience cultural exchange in the form of coexistence and tolerance.

References

Al-Shabibi Kamel Mustafa, Shi'a and Sufism from beginning to 12th century, translated Ali Reza Zekavatloo Garagozloo, Amir Kabir Publishers, Tehran, 1980/1359.

Amanat Abbas, Magnus Thorkell Bernhardsson, Imagining the end: visions of apocalypse from the ancient Middle East to modern America, I. B. Tauris & Co ltd, London, 2002.

Aoroj Niya Parvaneh, “Bektāsh Vali”, in: Encyclopedia of Islam World, Vol. 3, Tehran, 1997/1376.

Arberi, A. J. et al, History of Islam, translated by Ahmad Aram, Amir Kabir Publishers, Tehran, 2001/1380.

Bosako V., Religious & Sociocultural Dimensions of the Kazelbashi Community in Brown, Johnpair, and the Dervishes: Oriental Spiritualism, London, 1968.

Bosworth C. E., The Ghaznavids, translated by Hasan Anoshe, Amir Kabir Publishers, Tehran, 2005/1384.

Ghani Qasem, Discussion of Hafiz's works and thoughts, vol. 2,Zavar Publishers, Tehran, 1995/1374.

Gölpınarlı Abdülbâki, Malamat and Malamatiyah, translated by Tofiq Sobahani, Keyhan Publishers, Tehran, 1999/1378.

Gölpınarlı Abdülbâki, Mulavis after Mulana, translated by Tofiq Sobhani, Keyhan Publishers, Tehran, 1987/1366.

Green Nile, Sufism: A Global History, John Wiley & Sons ltd, UK, 2012.

Hajson Marchal. G. S, Esmaeilid Sect, translated by Ferydon Badrei, Elmei Farhangi Publishers, Tabriz, 1964/1343.

Hojvairi Ali ben Osman, Kashf al-Mahjoub, translated by R. Nikolson, Hermes Publishers, Tehran, 2001/1380.

Ibn 'Arabi Mohiedin, Futuhat al-Makkiyya, vol.2, Dar al-Sader, Beirut, no date.

Ibn Batotah Sharf Al-Din Abo Abdollah, Travelogue, translated by Mohamad Ali Mohammad, Agaah Publishers, Tehran, 1991/1370.

Khiyavi Roshan, Hurufiya, Āteye Publishers, Tehran, 1994/1373.

Koprulu Mehmed Fuad, The Origins of the Ottoman Empire, translated by G. leiser, Sate University of New York Press, New York, 1992.

Levine Michael P, Pantheism, Routledge, London, 1994.

Lewisohn Leonard, The Heritage of Sufism, translated by Majdodin Keivani, Markaz Publishers, Tehran, 2005/1384.

Malamod Margaret, Sufi Organizations and Power Structures in Medieval Neyshabur, translated by Mohamad Nazari Hashemi, Journal of Khorasan Pejohi, No. 2, 1998/1377.

Mazzaoui وMichelle, The rise of the Safavid government, translated by Jacob Ajand, Gostareh Publishers, Tehran, 1984/1363.

Muhammad ibn Monavvar, Asrar al-towhid fi maqamat al-Shieikh abo Sae'id, ed. Taqi Asadi, Asal Publishers, Tehran, 2014/1393.

Musa Matti, Extremist Shiites: the Ghulat Sects, Syracuse University Press, New York, 1987.

Norris Harry, Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world's, University of South Carolina Press, South Carolina, 1993.

Owen Huw Parri, Concepts of Deity, Macmillan Publishers, London, 1971.

Petrushevsky Ilya Pavlovich, Islam in Iran, translated by Karim Keshavarz, Peyam Publishers, Tehran, 1975/1350.

Qorbanpour Delāvar, Mohamad, Islam and Moslems of the Balkans, Tobāye Mohebat Publishers, Qom, 2012/1391.

Rahimlou Yosef, Beginning of Safavid Dynasty, The Journal Literature of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, year 26, no. 2, Mashhad, 1993/1372.

Ramazani Rouhollah, The foreign policy of Iran: a developing nation in world affairs, 1500-1941, University Press of Virginia, Virginia, 1966.

Ritter Helmot, Beginning of Horufiya Sect, translated by Heshmat Moayed, Farhang Iranzamin Publishers, Tehran, 1962/1341.

Roimer H. R. et al, History of Iran Cambridge, translated by Jacob Ajend, Jami Publishers, Tehran, 2008/1387.

Shaw S. J., The history of Ottoman Empire and New Turkish, Translated by Mahmode Ramazanzade, Astan Qods Razavi Publishers, Mashhad, 1991/1370.

Shekar Mohamad, Saljukids, translated by Nasrolalah Salehi, Ali Artoghrol, Adyan Publishers, Qom, 2006/1385.

Sobhani Tofiq, Qasem Ansari, Haji Bektash Vali and…, The Journal of Literature Department of Tabriz University, No. 120, 1976/1355.

Soumer F., The Role of Anatoli Turks in development of Safavid Region, translated by Ehsan Eshraqi and Mohamad Emami, Gostareh Publishers, Tehran, 1992/ 1371.

Stace Walter Terence, Mystery and philosophy, translated by Baha al-Din Khoramshahi, Sorosh Publishers, Tehran, 1996/1375.

Tareh Masood, “Sufism in Asia Minor and the Balkans”, in: Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 15, Foundation of Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran, 2008/1387.

Yashar Ejak Ahmad, From Bābāʼiyyah uprising to Qizilbāsh Gray, translated by Shahab Vali, The Journal of History of Islam, No. 27, 2006/1385.

Yildirim Riza, Turkomans between Two Empires: The Origins of the Qizilbash, PhD Dissertation, Bilkent University, 2008.

Downloads

Published

2022-12-03

How to Cite

Nouraei, M., & Zeinali, B. (2022). TOLERANCE HERITAGE: THE ROUTE OF SUFISM FROM KHORASAN TO THE BALKANS. Politics and Religion Journal, 14(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1401085n