BRIDGING THE NATION AND THE STATE: CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND AS POLITICAL ACTOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1402263kKeywords:
Poland, Catholic Church, identity, nation, religiosity, civil societyAbstract
One of the most recognized features of social-political reality in Poland is the role of Catholicism as the determinant of national-political identity and of Catholic Church as the influential political actor. Being undoubtedly peculiar Polish case can be viewed as the example of the religiosity intertwined with national and civil identity existent in different forms in the CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) region. The article aims at casting specifics of Polish case in the wider context of religious-political nexus in CEE stressing the distinctness of the region compared to some other parts of Europe. The conducted analysis focuses on the evolution of Church-state relations in Poland displayed in the broader framework of similar developments that, in spite of existing historical-political differences, characterize the region. Three fundamental perspectives are considered in the article. The first of them is social-cultural dimension creating the wide context for recognizing the religious factor as more or less fundamental for the given society. The second one is formal-legal framework resembling the specific religion-nation-state entanglement. The third is the role played by the Catholic Church in the context of civil society.
References
Anderson John, “Catholicism and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Poland”, in: Church and State in Contemporary Europe. The Chimera of Neutrality, Madeley John T.S. and Enyedi Zsolt (eds.), Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003.
Beyer Peter, “Privatisation and Politicisation of Religion in Global Society. Implications for Church-State Relations in Central and Eastern Europe”, in: Church-State Relations in Central and Eastern Europe, Borowik Irena (ed.), Nomos, Kraków, 1999.
Borowik Irena, Odbudowywanie pamięci. Przemiany religijne w Środkowo-Wschodniej Europie po upadku komunizmu, Nomos, Kraków, 2000.
Borowik Irena, “Religion and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Paradoxes of Transformation”, in: Church-State Relations in Central and Eastern Europe, Borowik Irena (ed.), Nomos, Kraków, 1999.
Brożyniak Ryszard, „Struktura wyznaniowa rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej”, in: Polska w Unii Europejskiej a stosunki wyznaniowe, Czesław Janik (ed.), Toruń, 2006.
Carothers Thomas, The End of the Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2002.
CBOS, Kościół i wybory. Komunikat z badań, No. 149, 2019.
CBOS, Religijność Polaków w ostatnich 20 latach. Komunikat z badań, No. 63, 2020.
Christoffersen Lisbet, “Not Even Believing in Belonging: States and Churches in Five North-European (Post-) Lutheran Countries”, in: Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations Between States and Religious Communities, Cristofori Rinaldo and Ferrari Silvio (eds.), Ashgate Publishing, Farnham 2010.
Constitution of the Republic of Poland (1997).
Dudek Antoni, Historia polityczna Polski 1989-2015, Wydawnictwo Znak Horyzont, Kraków 2016.
Dylus Aniela, Z troską o Kościele (ludowym) i o Polsce z nim związanej, Chrześcijaństwo-Świat-Polityka, No. 22, 2018.
Ekiert Grzegorz, The Dark Side of Civil Society, 2019, http://conciliumcivitas.pl/the-dark-side-of-civil-society/, (accessed: 20.08.2020)
Enyedi Zsolt, “Conclusions: Emerging Issues in the Study of Church-State Relations”, in: Church and State in Contemporary Europe. The Chimera of Neutrality, Medeley John T.S. and Enyedi Zsolt (eds.), Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003.
Flere Sergey, “The Impact of Religiosity upon Political Stances. Survey Findings from Seven Central European Countries”, in: Religion and Social Change in Post-Communist Europe, Borowik Irena and Tomka Miklos (eds.), Nomos, Kraków, 2001.
Gaudium et spes. Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World (1965), Second Vatican Council.
Gowin Jarosław, Kościół po komunizmie, Wydawnictwo Znak, Kraków, 1995.
Gowin Jarosław, Kościół w czasach wolności 1989-1999, Wydawnictwo Znak, Kraków, 1999.
Grzymała-Busse Anna, Nations under God. How Churches use moral authority to influence policy, Princeton University Press, 2015.
Huntington Samuel, Trzecia fala demokratyzacji, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, 1995.
ISSK, Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesia in Polonia AD, 2020, http://iskk.pl/images/stories/Instytut/dokumenty/Annuarium_Statisticum_2020_07.01.pdf, (accessed: 2.03.2020)
KAI (2013), Ambona a sprawa smoleńska – badania ISKK, https://deon.pl/kosciol/ambona-a-sprawa-smolenska-badania-iskk,197685, (accessed: 1.03.2020).
Kalkandijeva Daniela, A Comparative Analysis on Church-State Relations in Eastern Orthodoxy: Concepts, Models, and Principles, Journal of Church and State, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2011.
Klausen Jytte, Why religion has become more salient in Europe: four working hypothesis about secularization and religiosity in contemporary politics, European Political Science, No. 8, 2009, pp. 289-300.
Kowalczyk Krzysztof, Kościół katolicki jako podmiot oddziałujący na system polityczny, Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne, No. 17, 2014.
Kratochvil Peter, The Religion-Politics Nexus in East-Central Europe: Church in the Public Sphere of Post-Secular Societies, Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2009.
Krzemiński Ireneusz, “Radio Maryja and Fr. Rydzyk as a Creator of the National-Catholic Ideology”, in: Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland. Continuity and Change Since 1989, Ramet Sabrina and Borowik Irena, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Kublik Agnieszka, Czuchnowski Wojciech, Imielski Roman, Krzyż smoleński, 6.04.2013, https://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,13686085,Krzyz_smolenski.html, (accessed: 23.02.2020)
Lewandowski Arkadiusz, AWS. Centroprawica w poszukiwaniu modelu współpracy, Płock, 2016.
Madeley John T.S., “European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality”, in: Church and State in Contemporary Europe. The Chimera of Neutrality, Madeley John T.S. and Enyedi Zsolt (eds.), Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003.
Mariański Janusz, “The Public Engagement of the Catholic Church in Polish Society”, in: Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland. Continuity and Change Since 1989, Ramet Sabrina and Borowik Irena, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Martin David, The Future of Christianity. Reflections on Violence and Democracy, Religion and Secularization, Farnham, Surrey, 2011.
Moddelmog-Anweiler Emilia, Religia w przestrzeni życia publicznego w regionach Europy Środkowej, Politeja, Vo. 46, No. 1, 2017.
Modrzejewski Arkadiusz, Raczyński Rafał, The Attitude of the Catholic Church in Poland towards Current Migration Crisis, European Journal of Science and Theology, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2019.
Nosowski Zbigniew, Nowy sojusz ołtarza z tronem? Soborowa autonomia i polityzacja katolicyzmu, Więź, No. 4, 2015.
O’Mahony Joan, The Emergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe: Church and State in the Czech Republic 1992-1998, London School of Economic and Political Science, London, 2003.
Pew Forum, Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe, 2017, https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ (accessed: 12 July 2020)
Pietrzyk-Reeves Dorota, Idea społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Współczesna debata i jej źródła, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń, 2012.
Pollack Detlef & Müller Olaf, “Religiousness in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards Individualization?”, in: Religions, Churches and Religiosity in Post-Communist Europe, Borowik Irena and Tomka Miklos (eds.), Kraków, 2006.
Przewodnik Katolicki, Jak odbudować społeczne zaufanie, 2020 https://www.przewodnik-katolicki.pl/Archiwum/2020/Przewodnik-Katolicki-7-2020/Wiara-i-Kosciol/Jak-odbudowac-spoleczne-zaufanie, (accessed: 28.02.2020)
Ramet Pedro, “The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe”, in: Religion and Nationalism in Soviet Union and East European Politics, Ramet Pedro (ed.), Duke University Press, London, 1989.
Ramet Sabrina and Borowik Irena, Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland. Continuity and Change Since 1989, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ramet Sabrina P., “Sources of the Strength of the Church in Poland: An Introduction”, in: Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland. Continuity and Change Since 1989, Sabrina Ramet and Irena Borowik (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Saarkisian Ani, Religious Reestablishment in Post-Communist Polities, Journal of State and Church, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2009.
Smolar Aleksander, Civil Society After Communism: from opposition to atomization, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1996.
Sowiński Sławomir, „Polityka i religia w Polsce po roku 1989”, in: Religia i polityka. Zarys problematyki, Burgoński Piotr and Gierycz Michał (eds.), Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, Warszawa, 2014.
Sporniak Artur, Gniew ludu, gniew Boga, Tygodnik Powszechny, No. 12, 2019.
Stan Lavinia, Church-State Relations in the Expanded Europe: Between Religious Pluralism and Church Establishment, 2009, https://www.academia.edu/1657571/Church-State_Relations_in_the_Expanded_Europe_Between_Religious_Pluralism_and_Church_Establishment, (accessed: 7.03.2020).
Szymczak Wioletta, Społeczeństwo obywatelskie a religia. Typy relacji w perspektywie wiodących teorii socjologii religii, Roczniki Nauk Społecznych, No. 43, No 2, 2015.
Tomka Miklos, “Catholics and Protestants in Post-Communist Europe”, in: Religions, Churches and Religiosity in Post-Communist Europe, Borowik Irena (ed.), Nomos, Kraków, 2006.
Tomka Miklos, “Religious Change is East-Central Europe”, in: Religion and Social Change in Post-Communist Europe, Borowik Irena and Tomka Miklos (eds.), Nomos, Kraków, 2001.
Wnuk-Lipiński Edward, Meandry formowania się społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej, Chrześcijaństwo. Świat. Polityka, No. 1(2), 2007.
Zalecki Pawel, “The Roman Catholic Church in Poland as Both Dominant and Minority Group”, in: Dominant Culture as Foreign Culture: Dominant Groups in the Eyes of Minorities, Mucha Janusz (ed.), Columbia University Press, New York, 1999.
Zenderowski Radosław, Etnicyzacja religii i sakralizacja etnosu: nacjonalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, Athenauem, Vol. 24, 2010.
Zuba Krzysztof, The Political Strategies of the Catholic Church in Poland, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2010.
