ПРЕДСТАВЉАЊЕ АФРИЧКЕ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНЕ РЕЛИГИЈЕ И КУЛТУРЕ У НИГЕРИЈСКИМ ПОПУЛАРНИМ ФИЛМОВИМА
##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:
https://doi.org/10.54561/prj0501081uКључне речи:
Nollywood, religion, representation and cultureСажетак
Један од метода којима религијски обреди комуницирају у афричком друштву јесте очување кохезије у култури. Они вежу учеснике за богатији смисао и веће снаге њихове заједнице. Чак и у репрезентативним моделима, обреди стварају солидарност у форми субјективног осећања дељења истог изражајног света који се од стране учесника постиже кроз сажету природу симбола који се у њима користе. Традиционална религија је један обред који, упркос утицају вестернизације и научног развоја, у Африци још увек има значајне импликације на свакодневни живот људи. Сходно томе, од јутра до вечери, људи имају религијске обреде којима комуницирају са својим Богом или боговима, божанствима и прецима. Такође, још увек постоје фестивали и обреди, и у приватној и у јавној сфери, које Африканци посвећују „живим мртвима“ или онима у „свету духова“. Овај рад, помоћу изнијансираних текстуалних анализа неких домаћих филмова у Нигерији (Things Fall Apart (1986), Igodo: The Land of the Living Dead (1999), Sango, (1998), Festival of Fire, (1999), Bless Me, (2005)) поставља религију на место кључне парадигме афричке културе, као канал ка темељу афричког идентитета.
Референце
Abanuka, B. 1991. Myths and African Universe. Enugu: Snaap Press Limited.
Achebe, C. 1958. Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Adedeji, J. 1971. ‘Oral Tradition and The Contemporary Theatre in Nigeria’ in Research in African Literatures. Vol. 2, No. 2. Autumn. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Pp 134 – 149.
Adediji, G. 2000. ‘God, Evil, and Salvation in African Traditional Religion’, in The Nigerian Journal Of Theology. Vol. 14. Owerri: Assumpta Press. Pp 41-55.
Aderinokun, T. 2005. ‘The Economics of Nigerian film, Art and Business’. [Online]. Available from: http://www.nollywood.net/Essays/p2_articleid/26 . [Accessed 18 August 2007].
Adesokan, A. 2006. ‘New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan’. [Online]. Available from: http:www.indiana.edu/bfca/events/akininterview.html [Accessed 18 August 2007].
Akomfrah, J. 2006. ‘On the National in African Cinema(s)’, in Vital, V. and Willemen, P. Theorising National Cinema. London: BFI. Pp 274 – 292.
Akpabio, E. 2007. ‘Attitude of Audience Members to Nollywood Films’ in Nordic Journal of African Studies (16) 1. Pp 90 – 100. [Online]. Available from: http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol16num/akpabio.pdf [Accessed 22 June 2008].
Akudinobi, J. 2001. ‘Nationalism, African Cinema and Frames of Scrutiny’ in Research in African Literatures. Vol. 32, No. 3. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Pp 123 – 142.
Anderson, A. 1997. Media Culture and the Environment. London: UCL Press.
Ang, I. 1996. Living Room Wars: Rethinking Media Audiences For a Post Modern World. London and New York: Routledge.
Anselm of Canterbury, ‘Proslogion’ in John Paul II. 1998. Fides et Ratio. No.14. Vatican: Vatican Press.
Animalu, O. 1990. ‘Ucheakolam’ in Ahiajoku Lecture Series. Owerri: Imo State Government Press.
Appiah, K. 1995. ‘The Post-Colonial and the Post Modern’ in Bill, A., Griffiths, G. and Triffin, H. The Post Colonial Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.
Bakari, I. and Cham, M. 1996. African Experiences of Cinema. London: British Film Institute.
Barlet, O. 2000. African Cinemas: Decolonizing the Gaze. Translated by Chris Turner. London and New York: Zed books.
Bhabha, H. 1990. Nation and Narration. London: Routledge.
Bobo, J. 2003. ‘The Color – Purple: Black Women as Cultural Readers’, in Brooker, W. and Jerymyn, D. The Audiences Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. 1994. ‘Distinction and The Aristocracy of Culture’ in Storey, J. Culture Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Pp 444 – 454.
Diawara, M. 1988. ‘Popular Culture and Oral Traditions in African Film’, in Film Quarterly. Vol. 41, No 3, Spring. California: University of California Press. Pp 6 – 14.
Diawara, M. 1992. African Cinema: Politics and Culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Diawara, M. 1996. ‘The Present Situation of the Film Industry in Anglophone Africa’ in Bakari, I. and Mbye, C. African Experiences of Cinema. BFI.
Diawara, M. 1998. ‘Toward a Regional Imagery in Africa’ in Jameson, F. and Miyoshi, M. The Cultures of Globalization. Durhand and London: Duke University Press.
Diawara, M. 1999. ‘Black Spectatorship: Problems of Identification and Resistance’ in Braudy, L. and Cohen, M. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. Fifth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp 845 – 853.
Dul, J. 2000. ‘Culture and Art in Hausa Video Films’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies. Pp 200 – 208.
Dipio, D., 2007. ‘Religion in Nigerian Home Video Films’ in Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. London: University of Westminster. Vol. 4. (1). [Available at: www.westminster.ac.uk]. Accessed 23/09/2010.
Eilers, F. 1992. Communicating Between Cultures. Manila: Divine Word Publications.
Esosa, E. 2005. ‘The Boom in Nigerian Cinema: The Sinking of the Titanic in the Niger River’. [Online]. Available from: http://www.quantara.de/webcom/show_aricle.php, [Accessed 25 March 2007].
Ekwuazi, H. 2000. ‘The Igbo Video Film: A Glimpse into The Cult of The Individual’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies. Pp 131 – 147.
Ekwuazi, H. 2006. ‘To the Movies: Everything Good will Come’, An address delivered at the 24th Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Convention in Kano on the theme: “Literature and the Developing Film Industry”. [Online]. Available from: http://www.nollywood.net/vbee/showthread.php. [Accessed 12th August, 2008].
Garritano, C. 2000. ‘Women, Melodrama, and Political Critique: Feminist Readings of Hostages, Dust to Dust and True Confessions’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies. Pp 165 – 191.
Gillian, R. 2001. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. London: Sage Publications.
Hall, S. 1997. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage Publications.
Hall, S. 1997. ‘The Spectacle of the Other’ in Hall, S. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage Publications. Pp 223 – 285.
Hannerz, U. 1997. ‘The World in Creolization’ in Barber, K. Readings in African Popular Culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Haynes, J. 1995. ‘Nigerian Cinema: Structural Adjustments’ in Research in Africa Literatures. Vol. 26. No. 3. African Cinema. Autumn. Indiana: University Press. Pp 97 – 119.
Haynes, J. 2000. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies.
Haynes, J. 2000. Nigerian Video Films. Ohio: [Online]. Available from: www.ohiou.edu/oupress/nigerianfilms.htm. [Accessed 20 June 2007].
Haynes, J. and Okome, O. 1997. ‘Evolving Popular Media in Nigeria’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Kraft books Limited.
Haynes, J. and Okome, O. 2000. ‘Evolving Popular Media: Nigerian Video Films’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies. Pp 51 – 88.
Haynes. J. 2005. ‘Nollywood: ‘What is in a name’. [Online]. Available from: http://www.nollywood.net.vbee/shorthread.php. [Accessed 19 October 2006].
Haynes, J. 2007. ‘Video Boom: Nigeria and Ghana’, in Post Colonial Text. Vol. 3. No.2. [Online]. Available from: http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/pocol/index.php. [Accessed 29 November 2008].
Hill, J., and Rocket, K. 2004. National Cinema and Beyond. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
Ihejirika, W. 2003. An Audience Ethnography On the Role of The Mass Media in The Process of the Conversion of Catholics to the Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. Rome: Gregorian University.
Kalu, A. 1994. ‘The Priest/Artist Tradition in Achebe’s Arrow of God’. in Africa Today. Vol. 41. No. 2. Indiana University Press. Pp 51 – 62.
Kunzler, D. 2007. ‘The Nigerian Video Industry as an Example of Import Substitution’. [Online]. Available from: www.suz.unizh.ch/kuenzler. [Accessed 28 August 2008].
Lacey, N. 1998. Image and Representation: Key Concepts in Media Studies. London: Macmillan.
Larkin, B. 2000. ‘Hausa Drama and The Rise of Video Culture in Nigeria’ in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films, Athens. Ohio: University Center For International Studies. Pp 204 – 241.
Larkin, B. 2002. ‘The Materiality of Cinema Theaters in Northern Nigeria’. [Online]. Available from: http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/meida-religion/publications/larkin.htm. [Accessed 20 August 2007].
Larkin, B. 1997. ‘Bollywood Comes To Nigeria’. [Online]. Available from: http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php. [Accessed 20 August 2007].
Larkin, B. 2007. ‘Itineraries of Indian Cinema: African Videos, Bollywood, and Global Media’ in Inda, J. and Rosaldo, R. The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader. Wiley Blackwell. Pp 335 – 351.
Livtak, L. 1996. ‘The Psychology of Song; The Theology of Hymns of the Irish Migration’ in O’Sullivan, P. Religion and Identity. Vol. 5. London and New York: Leicester University Press.
Luzbetaz, L. 2002. The Church and Cultures: New Perspectives in Missiological Anthropology. New York: Orbis Books.
Mbiti, J. 1990. African Philosophy and Religion. London: Heinemann.
Moemeka, A. 1997. ‘Communalistic Societies’ in Christian, C. and Traber, M. Communication Ethics and Universal Values. London: Sage Publications. Pp 170 – 193.
Moemeka, A. 1998. ‘Communalism As a Fundamental Dimension of Culture’ in Journal of Communication. Blackwell Publishing. Pp 118 – 138.
Nwachukwu, F. 1994. Black African Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nwachukwu, F. 2003. ‘Video Booms and the First Manifestations of ‘First’ Cinema in Anglophone Africa’ in Guneratne, R. and Dissanayake, W. Rethinking Third Cinema. New York and London: Routledge.
Nwoga, D. 1984. ‘Nka na Nzere’: The Focus of Igbo Worldview’, in Ahiajoku Lecture. Owerri: Imo State Government Press.
Obiego, C. 1981. ‘The Idea of God’ in The Lucerna. Vol. 2. Enugu: Bigard Memorial Seminary.
Ofeimun, O. 2003. ‘In Defence of the Films We Have Made’ in West Africa Review. [Online]. Available from: http://www.africaresource.com/war/issue5/ofeimun.htm. [Accessed 26 May 2009].
Ogundele, W. 2000. ‘From Folk Opera to Soap Opera: Improvisations and Transformations in Yoruba Popular Theatre’, in Haynes, J. Nigerian Video Films. Athens: Ohio University Center For International Studies. Pp 89 – 130.
Ogunleye, F., 2003. (ed). Christian Video Film in Nigeria: Dramatic Sermons Through the Silver Screen’ in African Video Film Today. Manzini. Academic Publishers.
Oha, O. 2001. ‘The Visual Rhetoric of The Ambivalent City in Nigerian Video Films’ in Shiel, M. and Fitzmaurice, T. Cinema and The City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context. Blackwell Publishers. Pp 195 – 205.
Oha, O. 2002. ‘Yoruba Christian Video Narrative and Indigenous Imaginations: Dialogue and Duelogue’, in Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines. 165. XLII-I. Pp 121 – 142. [Online]. Available from: http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/docannexe.html. [Accessed 28 November
.
Okome, O. 2007. ‘Nollywood: Spectatorship, Audience and The Sites of Consumption’ in Post Colonial Text. Vol. 3. No. 2. [Online]. Available from: http://pkp.ubc.ca/pocol/index.php. [Accessed 28 November 2008].
Onuzulike, U. 2007. ‘Nollywood: The Influence of The Nigerian Industry on African Culture’ in The Journal of Human Communications: A Journal of The Pacific and Asian Communication Association. Vol. 10. No. 3. Pp 231 -242.
Onwubiko, O. 1991. African Thought, Religion and Culture. Vol. 1. Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd.
Pfaff, F. 1992. ‘Five West African Filmmakers on Their Films’ in A Journal of Opinion. Vol. 20. No. 2. African Studies Association. Pp 31 – 37.
Real, M. 1996. Exploring Media Culture: A Guide. London: Sage Publications.
Real, M. 1994. ‘The Expressive Face of Culture and the Shape of the Human Moral Environment’ in Rossi, P. and Soukoup A. Mass Media and The Moral Imagination. Kansas City: Sheed and Ward.
Rocket, K. and Hill, J. 2004. National Cinema and Beyond. Dublin: Four Courts Press. Pp 9 -15.
Rojek, C. 2003. Stuart Hall. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Rothenbuhler, K. 1998. Ritual Communication: From Everyday Conversation to Mediated Ceremony. London: Sage Publications.
Tomaselli, K. Shepperson, A. and Eke, M. 1995: ‘Towards A Theory of Orality in African Cinema’ in Research in African Literatures. Vol 26. No. 3. Pp 18 – 35.
Tomaselli, K. 1996. ‘African Mediascapes: A Continent Swept by More Winds than One’ in Walsh, G. The Media in Africa and Africa in the Media: An Annotated Bibliography. London: Hans Zell Publishers.
Turner, V. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti Structure. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul.
Turner, V. 1974. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors. New York: Cornell University Press.
Ugboajah, F. 1992. in Eilers, F. Communicating Between Cultures. Manila: Divine World Publications.
Uwah, I. 2000. ‘Amama-Amacha-Amacha: An Itinerary Into the Being of God’. Unpublished B.Th. Thesis. Rome: Pontifical Urban University.
Uwah, I. 2005. ‘A Study of ‘Ugwu Mbaise’ As a Communication and Unification Tool in Ahiara Diocese, Nigeria’. Unpublished MA Thesis. Centre for the Study of African Culture and Communication Port Harcourt: CIWA.
Uwah, I. 2008. ‘Nollywood Films as a Site For Constructing Contemporary AfricanIdentities: The Significance of Village Ritual Scenes in Igbo Films’ in African Communication Research Journal. Vol. 1. No.1. Pp 87 – 112.
Uzukwu, E. 1997. Worship As Body Language. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press.
Williams, A. 2002. Film and Nationalism. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Filmography
Things Fall Apart, (1986), David Orere, Nigeria, (NTA Serialization), pre–Nollywood.
Igodo: The Land of the Living Dead (1999), Don Pedro Obaseki and Andy Amenechi, Nigeria, Nollywood.
Sango, (1998), Obafemi Lasode, Nigeria, Nollywood.
Festival of Fire, (1999), Chico Ejiro, Nigeria, Nollywood.
Bless Me, (2005), Ernest Obi, Nigeria, Nollywood.
